Computer - Applications

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In this chapter, we will discuss the application of computers in various fields.

Business

A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility which has made it an integrated part in all business organizations.

Computer is used in business organizations for −

• Payroll calculations
• Budgeting
• Sales analysis
• Financial forecasting
• Managing employee database
• Maintenance of stocks, etc.

Banking

Today, banking is almost totally dependent on computers.

Banks provide the following facilities −

• Online accounting facility, which includes checking current balance, making deposits and overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, and trustee records.

• ATM machines which are completely automated are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks.

Insurance

Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. Insurance companies, finance houses, and stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns.

Insurance companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information showing −

• Procedure to continue with policies
• Starting date of the policies
• Next due installment of a policy
• Maturity date
• Interests due
• Survival benefits
• Bonus

Education

The computer helps in providing a lot of facilities in the education system.

• The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based Education).

• CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.

• Computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students.

• There are a number of methods in which educational institutions can use a computer to educate the students.

• It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is carried out on this basis.

Marketing

In marketing, uses of the computer are following −

• Advertising − With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products.

• Home Shopping − Home shopping has been made possible through the use of computerized catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers.

Healthcare

Computers have become an important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. They are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, ultrasounds and CT scans, etc. are also done by computerized machines.

Following are some major fields of health care in which computers are used.

• Diagnostic System − Computers are used to collect data and identify the cause of illness.

• Lab-diagnostic System − All tests can be done and the reports are prepared by computer.

• Patient Monitoring System − These are used to check the patient's signs for abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG, etc.

• Pharma Information System − Computer is used to check drug labels, expiry dates, harmful side effects, etc.

• Surgery − Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.

Engineering Design

Computers are widely used for Engineering purpose.

One of the major areas is CAD (Computer Aided Design) that provides creation and modification of images. Some of the fields are −

• Structural Engineering − Requires stress and strain analysis for design of ships, buildings, budgets, airplanes, etc.

• Industrial Engineering − Computers deal with design, implementation, and improvement of integrated systems of people, materials, and equipment.

• Architectural Engineering − Computers help in planning towns, designing buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings.

Military

Computers are largely used in defence. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc. Military also employs computerized control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been used are −

• Missile Control
• Military Communication
• Military Operation and Planning
• Smart Weapons

Communication

Communication is a way to convey a message, an idea, a picture, or speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant. Some main areas in this category are −

• E-mail
• Chatting
• Usenet
• FTP
• Telnet
• Video-conferencing

Government

Computers play an important role in government services. Some major fields in this category are −

• Budgets
• Sales tax department
• Income tax department
• Computation of male/female ratio
• Computerization of voters lists
• Computerization of PAN card
• Weather forecasting

Computer - Overview

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Today’s world is an information-rich world and it has become a necessity for everyone to know about computers. A computer is an electronic data processing device, which accepts and stores data input, processes the data input, and generates the output in a required format.

The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce you to Computers and its fundamentals.

Functionalities of a Computer

If we look at it in a very broad sense, any digital computer carries out the following five functions −

Step 1 − Takes data as input.

Step 2 − Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as required.

Step 3 − Processes the data and converts it into useful information.

Step 4 − Generates the output.

Step 5 − Controls all the above four steps.

Advantages of Computers

Following are certain advantages of computers.

High Speed

• Computer is a very fast device.

• It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data.

• The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond.

• It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who will spend many months to perform the same task.

Accuracy

• In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.

• The calculations are 100% error free.

• Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that the input is correct.

Storage Capability

• Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.

• A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.

• It can store large amount of data.

• It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio, etc.

Diligence

• Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration.

• It can work continuously without any error and boredom.

• It can perform repeated tasks with the same speed and accuracy.

Versatility

• A computer is a very versatile machine.

• A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.

• This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields.

• At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next moment it may be playing a card game.

Reliability

• A computer is a reliable machine.

• Modern electronic components have long lives.

• Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.

Automation

• Computer is an automatic machine.

• Automation is the ability to perform a given task automatically. Once the computer receives a program i.e., the program is stored in the computer memory, then the program and instruction can control the program execution without human interaction.

Reduction in Paper Work and Cost

• The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in paper work and results in speeding up the process.

• As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the problem of maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced.

• Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high, it substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction.

Disadvantages of Computers

Following are certain disadvantages of computers.

No I.Q.

• A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task.

• Each instruction has to be given to the computer.

• A computer cannot take any decision on its own.

Dependency

• It functions as per the user’s instruction, thus it is fully dependent on humans.

Environment

• The operating environment of the computer should be dust free and suitable.

No Feeling

• Computers have no feelings or emotions.

• It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge unlike humans.

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THE OFFICE STAFF- CLERICAL STAFF.

A  Clerical Staff is the person employed by an organization to perform various clerical duties. Although there is no job description for the clerical staff.

Generally, he does the work of recording, filing, simple accounting, keeping and maintaining the staff time book, copying, sorting, etc.

INTRODUCTION TO OFFICE.

THE OFFICE

Definition of the Office.

An Office is defined as a place where clerical work is carried out such as Service of Communication, records through fiing, writing simple accounting, etc.

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Novice.                                   1v

Amateur.                                2v

Senior.                                    3v

Enthusiast                             1 Bar

Professional.                         2 Bar

Expert.                                   3 Bar

Leader.                                   4 Bar

Veteran                                   1 Star

Master.                                    2 Star

Captain.                                  3 Star

Ultimate.                                 1 Eagle

Sapphire.                  1 Eagle & 2 Star

Emerald.                   1 Eagle & 3 Star

Ruby.                                       1 Sword

Diamond.                 1 Sword & 2 Star

Black Diamond        1 Sword & 3 Star

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CHAIN OF COMMAND

 

A system in a military or civil organization by which instructions are passed from one person to another.

The definition of Chain of Command is an official hierarchy of authority that dictates who is in charge of whom and whom permission must be asked.

An example of Chain of Command is when an Employee reports to a manager who reports to a Senior Manager who reports to the Vice president who reports to the CEO.

LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT.

There are three general levels of Management: TOP; MIDDLE and FRONT-LINE Managers.

TOP MANAGERS: Top Managers are in charge of the overall performance and health of the company by controlling and overseeing the entire organization. They are the ones who set the goals, objectives, and mission for the company .Top- level executives spend the majority of their time Planning and decision-making and consistently scan the business environment for opportunities and threats. Some of their duties include;

*Set Company goals and objectives

*Scan external environment

*plan strategically and make decisions.

Some examples of top managers include the following,

Board of directors, chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO), Chief operating officer (COO), President and vice president.

MIDDLE MANAGERS: Middle Managers are responsible for achieving the objectives set by the Top Managers by developing and implementing activities. They oversee the first line managers and make sure they are properly executing the activities they set out. Some of their duties include;

*Report to top management

*Oversee first –line managers

*Allocate resources

*Design, develop and implement activities.                          

Some examples of middle managers include the following:

General managers, department managers, operations manager, division manager, branch manager and division manager.

FIRST-LINE MANAGERS: First line managers are in charge of supervising employees and coordinating their day-to-day activities. They need to make sure that the work done by the employees is consistent with the plans that the upper management set out for the company.

Some of the duties include;

*Report to middle managers

*Supervise employees

*Organize activities

*Involved in day-to-day business operations.

Some examples of a first-line manager include the following;

Department head, foreman, office manager, section head, shift boss and supervisor.

ADVANTAGES OF A GOOD CHAIN OF COMMAND

There are numerous advantages that can come from having a good chain of command, they are;

*RESPONSIBILITY: Having different areas of the business can improve accountability by giving everyone a different responsibility. Everyone has their own supervisor to keep them accountable.

EFFICIENCY: A functional chain of command helps improve efficiency when communicating with workers. As a result, this helps them improve workflow and adjusting their management methods.

CLARITY: Having a good company structure makes the chain of command very clear. Furthermore, this lets everyone know which decisions they are allowed to make and which ones to present to their supervisors.

EMPLOYEE MORALE: Companies that have a clear chain of command create an environment without uncertainty and chaos. It improves the morale of workers leading to high productivity and low employee turnover.

CAREER PATH: It makes it easier to create paths for employees and track their progress toward their goals outlined in their respective areas.

SPECIALIZATION: Making employees focus on narrow functional areas can create groups of specialists that heavily impact the functions of the company.